Influence of Public Health and Safety Matters in the City

Influence of Public Health and Safety Matters in the CityTowns be and were always associated with trading and powerR1. Although towns as well as humans have to develop. They were formulateed and shaped by numbers of motley factors. This essay would show how have public wellness and safety matters in the past influenced the invention of the urban center?One of the truly runner and obvious that come to mind are strict British burn regulations, clearly and rightly linked by most to the Great conjure of capital of the United Kingdom. In its business relationship capital of the United Kingdom as a city had great amounts of fires in its account.One of first severe recorded fires of London happened in 1135. It put down most of the city between St Pauls and St Clement Danes in Westminster as well as famous London Bridge. Little wonder London suffered from fires lodgment and commercial premises existed together a Norman law banned ho intake fires after dark, but was probably ignore d mental synthesiss were largely do of wood and thatch and no organised fire brigade existed.(The 12th of July 1212 AD, Great Fire of London 1212, n.d.). It took well over 70 years and another huge fire, on 12th July 1212. This fire and run across of 3000 deaths, still appears in the Guinness Book of Records, even though perhaps exaggerated. Those fires ca utilise spate to consider closely mental synthesis rules. In doing legislations as well as methods to abide them were introduced. Primitive and very first form of fire protection was something as simple as banning thatched roofs in entire London. By its first mayor Henry Fitzailwin. He also signed a document saying Complaints about edifice nuisances could be brought by one neighbour against another. The mayor and aldermen settled such cases in a judicatory called the Assize of Nuisance. Judgements were advised by appointed masons and carpenters. (History of Building Regulations in the British Isles, 2014)Other British cit ies started view Londons lead. The actual turning point in building history was fire of 1666.R2 Fire known as the Great Fire of London started in the bakery on Pudding passageway and very soon started spreading west reaching beyond Roman city walls. On fourth September wind direction changed, it headed and almost reached the Tower of London. During the fire opposeing process King Charles II personally helped fight the fire. He lifted buckets of water and threw money to reward people who stayed to fight the flames.(M callum of London Frequently asked questions, n.d.) fill the fire is considered to have been successful due two factors the strong east winds died down, and the Tower of London fort used gunpowder to create firebreaks, and stop further spread eastward. (Great Fire of London Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, n.d.). Its believed that as a consequence of this fire 80% of capital was burned to the ground. Inevitably disaster of this scurf couldnt happen again. Therefor e London Rebuilding Act of 1667 was introduced.R3This document created foundations of city/master supplying as well as some other areas of methodrn building regulations. Was the very first to impute how city planning was to be correct (i.e. Certain streets need to be wider depending on intensity and break up of use). It was describing what matters and how they should be resolved by judges. Also specifying thickness and location of walls, including party walls. It introduced the idea of the commission pattern cityscape as well as commission to approve location and shape, as well as materials used in new buildings. All buildings from that point onwards were to be built of brick or stone. It also regulated minor issues like precipitation management, maximum overhangs, which previously were making already narrow streets even narrower and tighter. That was insane asylum to the idea of more pleasant cities, even though done for practical reasons. Some more health and safety rules w ere issued. R4Even though this law was extremely precise for that time. It was written by local establishment of London and was to be obeyed only during rebuilding of the city. As effect of that British Isles were left without public law. In 1898 Ebenezer Howard initiated The garden City Movement. Garden cities were ended and intended to be self-contained, self-sufficient communities. Separated and border by tracks of out-of-doors, green areas. Taking inspiration and trying to make a utopian dream of Sir doubting Thomas More come truth. Howards idealise garden city was using clear zoning system. memory residential and industrial development areas separate, allowed smokeless idea of the city to develop. They would be populated by 32000 people on around 6000 acres (2400 ha). Planned in concentric circles, when fully populated another garden city would develop nearby. Several of these would be clustered orbiting around the central city (populated by 50000 people).R5The Garden City Association set itself the ambitious task of developing a first garden city. utilization on the chosen site at Letchworth began in 1903 and by 1914 it housed 9,000 inhabitants.(The birth of town planning UK Parliament, n.d.) Letchworth was very innovative and successful, it populated 33500 people. It was possibly impractical to use concentric plan, although principles were kept. Letchworth introduced roundabout (1909) and was very first warning of green belt. This project didnt require authorising legislations, although it was inspirational to garden suburbs. These were first introduced in Hampstead. Endorsed by Parliament in 1906, in what has been called Hampstead Garden Suburb ActR6. This document legislated that distance between the two houses on opposite sides of the road, were to be not less than 50 feet (15.24m) apart. And that there should be no more than 8 houses per acre (4046.9m2). R7Back-to-back houses, so popular in industrial Victorian developments. During the indus trial revolution great inflow of workers and their families into the rapidly industrialised towns during the 1800s, this number developmentd massively and the problems of over-population became disastrous(Public Health History of medicine, n.d.). This was revealed by the bill of Liverpools first medical officer of health (Dr Duncan). It stated that third of the citys population lived on earth floor cellars of back to back houses. (The birth of town planning UK Parliament, n.d.) Without any ventilation and sanitation with as many another(prenominal) as 16 people living in one room, these were surely not what those cellars were designed for and what they could withstand. They were do illegal in 1909 due to Housing and Town Planning Act, as there was concern that it could be the starter of the new chain reaction effect of plague for example similar in effect to Londons Great Fire. R8Letchworth and Hampstead was the main inspiration for that 1909 Act. It also took inspiration o f garden city attempt principles. Not a surprise that the Garden City Association actively lobbied for it. This also encouraged to use Garden City principles. Leading the way to the more enjoyable urban environment and more flexibleness in bourns of design. This act obligated local authorities to use town planning, and control building standards. Specified the job of local governments on what they can and cant do. The new law organize the guide on how to plan cities and how to build safely. It also specified land law, how and where working class housing should be built. Also, considering health and safety of citizens and future residents, which could be named as a form of sustainable design.R9As earlier mentioned planning law has been ever- changing and adapting for past years. Even though fire regulations in the UK are possibly one of the strictest in Europe. As statistics show there is a lot of improvement to be made. World of planning needs people like Ebenezer Howard, idealis t and dreamers that design, plan and improve urban and piece environment in effect making world more enjoyable. In modern cities main admiration are sustainability and public health. Its not easy to decrease obesity and other so called finish diseases. The rate of these could be lowered by eliminating factors that do or may cause it. The main ones be lack of physical exertion, unnatural/unhealthy diet, polluted air and some more (Diseases of modern nuance Frank Fenner Foundation, n.d.). These may and should be considered at design stage. To improve physical activity. Its necessary to increase the amount of public transport used, as well as increase amount of playgrounds. Enhancing physical activity from early years, followed by footpaths, parks or other green areas. Obviously there is very smaller designer or architect can do about human diet. Nevertheless, what could be done is to design green markets into town scape. These would make fresh, naturally grown, healthy fruits /vegetables effortlessly accessible. Another in theory unreached area for urban planners is air pollution, as we cant actively decrease pollution. Already Ebenezer Howard has suggested to use town zoning to move industrial expansion out on the peripheries of towns. In the long term this would decrease the amount of polluted air in towns, by distributing it more evenly across open areas, and most likely lower the urban island effect.All of those examples show how past events were effecting town planning. It proves that there is a set of ingredients and stimuli. They all effect planning law and planning methods. Urban environment is always changing and it is hard to design it well. This is why there are groups of urban planners, architects, designers and others working to improve the design of towns. This has been changing for hundreds, or even thousands of years, and they would be. Changes are inevitable, what is now countryside in 10 years, or even less could be new suburbs. This s hould stimulate designers and visionaries to improve inner urban scape, resolve current and anticipate future issues and consultation them today.ReferencesBBC History British History in depth London After the Great Fire (n.d.). Online Accessed on twenty-sixth celestial latitude 2014 http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_01.shtml.Building Regulations David Watkins.pdf (n.d.).Diseases of modern civilisation Frank Fenner Foundation (n.d.). Online Accessed on 1st January 2015 http//www.natsoc.org.au/our-projects/biosensitivefutures/part-4-facts-and-principles/human-health-issues/diseases-of-modern-civilisation.English Historical Fiction Authors Changing the Face of London the Great Fire of 1666 (n.d.). Online Accessed on 26th celestial latitude 2014 http//englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/changing-face-of-london-great-fire-of.html.Great Fire of London Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (n.d.). Online Accessed on 27th December 2014 http//en.w ikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London.Handbook to the Housing and Town Planning Act, (n.d.). Online Accessed on 27th December 2014 https//archive.org/ catamenia/handbooktohousin00thompage/n1/mode/2up.History of Building Regulations in the British Isles (2014). Online Accessed on 14th December 2014 http//www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml.History of Building Regulations in the British Isles (n.d.). Online Accessed on 26th December 2014 http//www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml.Housing, town planning, etc., act, 1909 a prac (n.d.). Online Accessed on 27th December 2014 https//archive.org/stream/housingtownplann00bentpage/n5/mode/2up.London Fire Brigade The Great Fire of London (n.d.). Online Accessed on 26th December 2014 http//www.london-fire.gov.uk/great-fire-of-london.asp.Museum of London Frequently asked questions (n.d.). Online Accessed on 26th December 2014 http//archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Londons-Burning/FAQ/.Museum of London The 1667 Rebuilding Act (n.d.). Online Accessed on 27th December 2014 http//archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Londons-Burning/Themes/1405/1408/Page1.htm.Public Health History of medicine (n.d.). Online Accessed on 29th December 2014 http//www.priory.com/history_of_medicine/public_health.htm.Samuel Pepys daybook 1666 Fire of London (n.d.). Online Accessed on 27th December 2014 http//www.pepys.info/fire.html.The 12th of July 1212 AD, Great Fire of London 1212 (n.d.). Online Accessed on 27th December 2014 http//www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=1019.The birth of town planning UK Parliament (n.d.). Online Accessed on 28th December 2014 http//www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/townplanning/.The Geneva Association (2014) World Fire Statistics.The Hampstead Garden Suburb Act 1906 (n.d.). Online Accessed on 28th December 2014 http//www.hgs.org.uk/history/h00012000.html.R1Emersion of townsR2Fire of 1135 and predominantly 1212R3Great fire of LondonR4London reb uilding actR5The garden city movementR6http//www.hgs.org.uk/history/h00012000.htmlR7Letchworth and Hampstead Garden Suburb ActR8Back to back houses and their banisterR9A bit about 1909 act